mirror of https://github.com/01-edu/public.git
xpetit
3 years ago
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## add-vm |
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### Add a virtual machine |
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We provide virtual machines you need to download & add to VirtualBox. |
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Each VM will contain a system in a certain state that you will need to use in order to crack the sysadmin exercises. Their names start with "01\_" in order to avoid conflict with your VM names. |
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You can download these VM here : |
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https://assets.01-edu.org/sys |
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For this exercise you need to download the archive : [01_add-vm.tar.gz](https://assets.01-edu.org/sys/01_add-vm.tar.gz). |
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Extract it in the folder `VirtualBox VMs` which is located in your [home directory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_directory). |
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In VirtualBox : |
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- Select on the menu bar : <u>M</u>achine → <u>A</u>dd |
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- Open the file `01_add-vm.vbox` |
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The VM should appear on the list under the name "01_add-vm". |
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### Snapshots |
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A snapshot is a state of a system at a given time, just like a version or a copy. |
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Let's imagine that you want to modify a text or a drawing, that you make a copy before, keeping the original... This is a snapshot. |
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Software that makes extensive use of this feature : |
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- Git (a commit is a snapshot) |
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- Windows System Restore (a restore point is a snapshot) |
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- macOS Time Machine (each backup is a snapshot) |
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- Linux LVM (Logical Volume Manager) |
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- Filesystems : Btrfs, ZFS |
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- Hypervisors like the one you are currently using : VirtualBox |
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**We recommend that this be the first thing you do after importing a VM.** |
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This way you can break it, go in the wrong direction or want to try another way and at any time you can go back to the original state. |
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If you forgot to do so and want to make a fresh start, you can always delete the VM (all files) and add it again in VirtualBox. |
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### Check |
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Since all VMs are based on this one, check that it is working properly by starting and stopping it gracefully. |
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## connect |
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To communicate over a network, a computer must have an IP address. |
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The computer can choose its own IP address (static) or can ask a DHCP server to assign one (dynamic). |
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Generally, clients (smartphones, laptops, etc...) rely on DHCP servers to have a dynamic IP address and servers have a static IP address. |
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For this project you will need to add these 3 VM : |
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- [01_connect_box](https://assets.01-edu.org/sys/01_connect_box.tar.gz) |
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- [01_connect_machine1](https://assets.01-edu.org/sys/01_connect_machine1.tar.gz) |
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- [01_connect_machine2](https://assets.01-edu.org/sys/01_connect_machine2.tar.gz) |
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The VM are configured like this : |
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``` |
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N E T W O R K S C O M P U T E R S |
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_______________________________ ________________________ |
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.-----------------------------. |
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| Internet | |
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'-----------------------------' |
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^ |
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| |
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v |
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.-----------------------------. |
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| VirtualBox NAT | |
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| | |
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| DHCP server | .----------------------. |
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| DNS server | | box | |
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| | | | |
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| (10.0.2.2) NIC |<--->| enp0s8 (10.0.2.15) | |
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| | | ^ | |
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'-----------------------------' | | | |
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.-----------------------------. | | | |
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| VirtualBox Internal Network | | | DHCP server | |
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| | | v | |
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| |<----->| enp0s3 (192.168.0.1) | |
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| | | | | |
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| | | '----------------------' |
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| | | .----------------------. |
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| | | | machine1 | |
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| | | | | |
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| |<----->| enp0s3 (192.168.0.2) | |
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| | | | | |
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| | | '----------------------' |
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| | | .----------------------. |
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| | | | machine2 | |
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| | | | | |
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| |<----->| enp0s3 (192.168.0.2) | |
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| | | | |
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'-----------------------------' '----------------------' |
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``` |
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You will only have control over "machine2". This computer have Internet access through the "box". |
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Start the 3 VM and test on machine2 the connectivity quality with this command : |
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``` |
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timeout --signal SIGINT 1m ping google.com |
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``` |
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After one minute the result shows the percentage of lost packets. It should be quite high (above 10%). |
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machine1 and machine2 have the same IP address, which leads to connectivity problems. |
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Find how to : |
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- change the IP address to avoid the conflict |
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- make the IP address dynamic (attributed by the box DHCP server) |
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## remote |
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### Connect |
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To type commands in a distant shell, you can use your peripherals (keyboard, monitor) or [SSH](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSH_(Secure_Shell)>). |
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It is more comfortable to use SSH because you can use your usual terminal, with the right keymap, theme, etc. |
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Do to this exercise you will need to add this VM : |
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- [01_remote](https://assets.01-edu.org/sys/01_remote.tar.gz) |
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Because the VM is behind the VirtualBox NAT router you can't access it directly. Unless you add a port forwarding rule in the VM settings that maps a host port to a guest port. Host refers to your machine and guest to the VM. |
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Host & guest IP addresses don't need to be specified, guest port needs to be 22 because that's SSH default listening port. |
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Then connect to it via SSH (this is the only way since consoles are disabled) : |
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``` |
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ssh -p HOST_PORT root@localhost |
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``` |
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### Configure |
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It is recommended to change the default SSH port (22) to prevent bots from trying to connect to it. |
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Since we are pretending that the guest VM is a server, change the SSH service port and make sure the port forwarding of the Virtual NAT network still works ! |
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In addition, you will need to allow the new port in the firewall `ufw`. |
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## scan |
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 |
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> You're going to do like Trinity in the movie _The Matrix Reloaded_. Except that you're not going to turn off the electricity in a city, and you probably don't wear as much leather, but that's okay. |
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--- |
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By design and by default, most network entities have a high discoverability. |
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Whatever your motivations for exploring a network (hacking, curiosity...), you generally proceed in this order : |
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1. Scan a network to find hosts |
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2. Scan a host to get information (hardware, OS & exposed services) |
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`1.` can be done by analyzing the link layer of Internet protocols, in particular `ARP` in order to gather MAC addresses (the identifier of a network interface, such as Wi-Fi or Ethernet cards). |
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`2.` is usually performed by analyzing the network and transport layers, in particular the `IP` & `TCP` protocols with the `nmap` tool. |
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For the context, when you open a website, here are the protocols involved, from the highest to lowest level (the protocols at the top depend on those at the bottom): |
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- `HTTP`: application layer (website data) - messages |
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- `TLS`: application layer ("lock" sign) - secure connection |
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- `TCP`: transport layer (port number) - reliable connection |
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- `IP`: network layer (IP address) - global communication |
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- `ARP`: link layer (MAC address) - local communication |
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For this challenge, you will focus on `IP`, `ARP` & `TCP`, and therefore on IP/MAC addresses and ports. |
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You will need to add these 2 VM : |
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- [01_scan_RRF-CONTROL](https://assets.01-edu.org/sys/01_scan_RRF-CONTROL.tar.gz) |
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- [01_scan_laptop](https://assets.01-edu.org/sys/01_scan_laptop.tar.gz) |
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You will only have control over "laptop". A port forwarding is set on 10122 so you can connect through SSH. |
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Your mission, should you choose to accept it, is to scan the network interface `enp0s8` and find a way in the server, you will know you have succeeded when you see : |
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``` |
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RRF-CONTROL> █ |
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``` |
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Because the VirtualBox Internal Network is very slow (10 Mbps, Ethernet is usually 1000 Mbps), expect long scan times : |
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- ARP scanning takes up to 5 minutes |
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- port scanning takes up to half an one hour with the option `-T4` (even more without). |
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May the Fourth be with you. |
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--- |
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--- |
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 |
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> Another depiction of the `nmap` tool: in _Ocean's 8_, Rihanna uses [Kali Linux](https://www.kali.org) to steal a valuable diamond. |
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> |
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> Same strategy, different styles |
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